Online Gambling is a new mode of gambling that has emerged in recent years. This form of gambling offers many advantages, such as added convenience and different delivery modes. However, it can also be addictive and cause financial difficulties if not controlled. It is therefore important to investigate its risk factors and protective factors. To this end, we conducted a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2020 using the PICO protocol (Population Intervention Comparison Outcome). We only included studies that used adult participants, reported on risk or protective factors, and were written in English.
The most relevant risk factor of online gambling is its high level of accessibility, which leads to frequent and extended gaming sessions. Additionally, the competitive nature of online gambling and the lack of social interaction heighten its addictive potential. The anticipation of winning or losing evokes heightened emotions, and the disappointment of a loss can lead to severe mood lows. These emotional fluctuations can make a person prone to relapse.
Another risk factor is the presence of co-occurring physical and mental health comorbidities. According to a study by Gainsbury et al., people who gamble online have a higher rate of mental health issues and substance use disorders than those who do not.
Protective factors of online gambling include a clear set of rules, RTPs, and odds. It is also important to budget your time, and most platforms offer tools for players to set deposit and loss limits. In addition, most online casinos offer self-exclusion periods, which allow a player to lock their account for a period of months or years.